Dual Citizenship, Misrepresentation, and Electoral Fraud under Philippine Constitutional and Electoral Law
Dual Citizenship, Misrepresentation, and Electoral Fraud under Philippine Constitutional and Electoral Law: An In-Depth Analysis with Historical Survey of Political Platforms Amiel Gerald A. Roldan™ October 18, 2026 I. Constitutional and Statutory Framework The 1987 Philippine Constitution establishes citizenship primarily through *jus sanguinis* (Article IV). Natural-born citizens are those who are citizens from birth without needing to perform any act to acquire or perfect citizenship—typically those born to at least one Filipino parent. Citizenship may be lost or reacquired “in the manner provided by law.” Critically, Section 5 of Article IV declares that “dual allegiance of citizens is inimical to the national interest and shall be dealt with by law.” The Constitution thus distinguishes dual citizenship (a status often arising involuntarily) from dual allegiance (a voluntary, continuing loyalty conflict). Republic Act No. 9225 (Citizenship Retention and Re-acquisition Act o...